Note Radar

Bandingkan pentadbiran kerajaan tempatan di dua buah Negara yang anda pilih.  Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester.  Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester. Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening sebab dah takdea idea, sibuk menguruskan kerja sehingga tidak ada masa untuk membuat tugasan. Anda boleh terus ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan khidmat membuat tugasan atau ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan contoh tugasan terdahulu sebagai rujukan.

Perbezaan amalan konsep berkecuali dalam perkhidmatan awam dengan spoil sistem. Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester.  Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester. Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening sebab dah takdea idea, sibuk menguruskan kerja sehingga tidak ada masa untuk membuat tugasan. Anda boleh terus ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan khidmat membuat tugasan atau ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan contoh tugasan terdahulu sebagai rujukan.

Bincangkan kepentingan analisis SWAT dalam pentadbiran awam. Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester.  Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester. Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening sebab dah takdea idea, sibuk menguruskan kerja sehingga tidak ada masa untuk membuat tugasan. Anda boleh terus ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan khidmat membuat tugasan atau ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan contoh tugasan terdahulu sebagai rujukan.

Bincangkan konsep reformasi pentadbiran dan reinventing government. Perbincangan anda hendaklah merujuk kepada perkembangan pentadbiran masa kini di salah sebuah negara yang anda pilih  Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester.  Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester. Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening sebab dah takdea idea, sibuk menguruskan kerja sehingga tidak ada masa untuk membuat tugasan. Anda boleh terus ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan khidmat membuat tugasan atau ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan contoh tugasan terdahulu sebagai rujukan.

Bincangkan peranan dan bidang khusus parlimen, kabinet, kementerian dan jabatan dalam sistem pentadbiran awam negara.  Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester.  Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester. Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening sebab dah takdea idea, sibuk menguruskan kerja sehingga tidak ada masa untuk membuat tugasan. Anda boleh terus ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan khidmat membuat tugasan atau ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan contoh tugasan terdahulu sebagai rujukan.

Bincangkan Teori Birokrasi Max Webber. Sejauhmanakah teori ini releven dalam konteks pentadbiran awam masa kini. Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester.  Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester. Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening sebab dah takdea idea, sibuk menguruskan kerja sehingga tidak ada masa untuk membuat tugasan. Anda boleh terus ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan khidmat membuat tugasan atau ke  SINI  untuk mendapatkan contoh tugasan terdahulu sebagai rujukan.

9.Conclusion This essay has demonstrated that traumatic events can be instrumental to the construction or consolidation of wider political identity and community. In arguing this I have offered a contrast to prevailing views, which tend to conceptualise trauma as a solitary, lonely encounter; a dive into unknown depths that reveals fragility and fear. In these studies, trauma is shown to sever victims and witnesses from their ordinary moorings and set them adrift. Trauma breaks narratives rather than recreates them. However, this prevailing approach opens important questions for socially and politically orientated studies of trauma: if traumatic events only ever exist in a gap or absence of understanding, how is it possible to examine, let alone comprehend, trauma’s political signifi cance? If trauma can never be wholly understood or reconciled from the outside, by bystanders, how it is that extreme events can powerfully cohere and fragment the landscapes of local and g

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 8.Visual representations of trauma: the role of images in the media Images of the bombing and subsequent acts of mourning reinforced the emotional undertones of the trauma’s linguistic representation. Initial images portrayed the devastation and carnage that the bombs had wreaked. Consider the front page of The Australian on the fi rst day of full media coverage that followed.58 The newspaper devoted half the page to a photograph of survivors as they staggered from the burning shell of the buildings (Figure 1). The photograph captures two Australian survivors, injured and helping one another. They are alone: no other victims or rescue workers are in sight. They struggle forward as if escaping the depths of a truly traumatic situation. Around them the building burns in a tangled mess. What is normally kept inside – the hardware of wires and plumbing – lie

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 7. Textual interpretations of trauma: the role of editorial comments in the media One editorial in particular illustrates the combined emotional and collectivising potential of patterns of speech. Published in The Australian, one week after the bombing, was an (anonymous) editorial titled ‘Australians United Share the Sorrow of Bali’.45 The editorial is an evocative yet also surprisingly prescriptive meditation on the tragedy of the bombing and how the broader Australian public should (and ultimately did) respond. The editorial sums up much of what was said, by survivors, journalists and politicians alike: It used to be said that no town in Australia lacked its war memorial to young men who had given their lives for the defence of our freedom. Today, as many homes and schools and sports clubs echo to the sobbing of distraught families, friends and lovers of

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 6. Collectivising trauma through negotiating emotion: on the representation of the Bali bombing To render my refl ections on trauma and political community more concrete I now turn to a specifi c example: the Sari bar bombing in Bali. I am not trying to provide a comprehensive account of the event and its political implications. Neither am I making absolutist claims about the kinds of emotions the bombing solicited. Doing so would be impossible in the context of a brief essay. My aim, rather, is to illustrate how representational practices can help to forge emotional, and thus social, linkages between trauma and a wider community that bears witness. I focus in particular on the effect of media representations, paying attention to how editorials and images published in Australia’s sole national newspaper, The Australian, draw a very particular and concrete link between

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 5. Representing trauma and the power of emotions Whether one can comprehend, or feel for, or even as some suggest identify with another’s trauma has therefore much to do with the way it is presented. Rather than an arbitrary or even impartial system of depicting trauma’s ‘truth’, representations of trauma both communicate and are fi ltered through the particular cultural, aesthetic and affective sensibilities of those who view or listen to them. Trauma gets its shape, its more public meaning, from the way it is represented and the messages such representations are perceived to convey. Emotions are central to the process of representing trauma. Indeed, understanding that emotions are bound up in how trauma is represented and portrayed is necessary in order to provide meaningful insight into how individual experiences of trauma can help to inscribe community bou

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 4.The problem of representing trauma Key to how individual trauma becomes a collective phenomenon is representation. Representational practices provide for the expression of trauma, and in so doing shift it from the realm of the individual to that of a collective or community. At fi rst glance, however, the centrality of representation sits uneasily with the communicative crisis that trauma scholars identify. Elaine Scarry’s pioneering research on pain helps to better appreciate this tension. For Scarry, pain is, in an important and seemingly contradictory sense, ‘inexpressible’.17 A certain speechlessness is said to accompany pain, signalling that perhaps both its somatic and emotional nature is not only incomprehensible but also unable to be truly shared through language. Scarry’s refl ections on pain mirror the thoughts of many scholars of trauma. They tend t

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 3.The paradox of trauma: the breaking and remaking of community The notion of trauma is one of the most complex yet compelling psychological and political issues today. Indeed, the term ‘trauma’ is now used to describe a range of phenomena in politics and international relations: from civilian experiences of war and the psychological conditions of returned servicemen and women, to the effect of witnessing distant suffering through the media. Despite this wide usage, consensus regarding trauma – how to distinguish it, determine how it is physically and emotionally experienced, ascertain its psychological impact, and also how to best help victims through recovery – remains slim, even though debates waged in a range of scholarly literatures. One agreement, however, is that events known as ‘traumatic’ are pivotal, impacting upon victims in a deeply personal and often

1. Bincangkan dan bandingkan konsep pemerintah (kerajaan) yang berasaskan kontrak sosial dalam penulisan Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, dan Jean Jacques Rousseau. Jelaskan juga jenis kontrak sosial mana yang paling baik untuk dipraktikkan.  2. Aristotle menyatakan bahawa “terdapat tiga perkara yang menjadikan manusia baik dan cemerlang: sifat semulajadi, tabiat, dan penaakulan.” Bincangkan bagaimana tiga perkara tersebut boleh menjadikan manusia baik dalam konteks keadilan dan kebebasan.  3. Bandingkan pemikiran Confucius dengan pemikiran Abu Hassan Al-Mawardi berkenaan dengan konsep “negara” (state).  4. Sesetengah ahli falsafah (contohnya John Locke) mempertahankan hak harta benda (property right), tetapi sesetengah ahli falsafah yang lain (seperti Karl Marx) mahukan harta benda (property) dihapuskan sama sekali. Bincangkan. Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester. Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah ha

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 1. Abstract This essay examines how traumatic events can infl uence the constitution of community in international relations. Trauma is often perceived as isolating individuals and fragmenting communities. This essay argues, in contrast, that practices of representation can make traumatic events meaningful in ways that give them a collective and often international dimension. Central to this process is the role played by emotions. Often neglected in scholarly analysis of international relations, emotions play a crucial political role during times of crisis and can become pivotal sites for the renewal of political stability and social control. The essay illustrates the ensuing dynamics by examining media portrayals of the Bali bombing of 12 October 2002. Focusing on photographs and the stories that accompany them, the essay shows how representations of trauma can provide a