Note Radar

  ARAHAN Tugasan ini dilakukan secara berkumpulan. Setiap kumpulan perlu mengandungi enam ke tujuh ahli (6-7). Setiap kumpulan perlu memastikan setiap ahli kumpulan memberikan sumbangan yang sewajarnya dalam menyempurnakan penghasilan tugasan ini. Topik dan nama ahli kumpulan mesti dicetak pada muka depan Tugasan. SPESIFIKASI TUGASAN Tugasan perlu mengandungi: isi kandungan, pengenalan, teori/konsep, isi, kesimpulan, bibliografi dan diakhiri dengan senarai nama ahli dengan peranan/tugasan spesifik. Panjang tugasan anda ialah 25 mukasurat (tidak termasuk lampiran dan bibliografi) menggunakan font jenis Times New Roman, saiz 12 dan baris jarak langkau (spacing) 1.5. Bahan rujukan (artikel jurnal, artikel ilmiah dan buku) mesti disenaraikan di muka surat belakang tugasan anda. Gunakan sistem rujukan yang konsisten. Sistem yang dicadangkan ialah APA. PERINGATAN Tarikh akhir penghantaran tu...

Analisiskan perubahan-perubahan struktur sistem antarabangsa (unipolariti, bipolariti, multipolariti) selepas Perang Dunia Kedua sehingga kini serta implikasi-implikasinya terhadap politik dan keselamatan global. (CO4, PO3) . 1.0        Pengenalan Merujuk kepada Teori Kestabilan Hegemoni dalam memahami pembentukan kestabilan dan ketidakstabilan ekonomi politik antarabangsa. Mengikut teori ini, peranan yang dimainkan oleh sesebuah kuasa hegemoni sangat penting dalam membentuk kestabilan ekonomi dan politik antarabangsa. Tanpa kewujudan sebuah kuasa hegemoni yang betulbetul kuat dalam sistem antarabangsa, maka kestabilan antarabangsa sukar untuk diwujudkan. Data-data sekunder digunakan dalam kajian ini bagi menganalisis peranan yang dimainkan oleh kuasa hegemoni dan kestabilan antarabangsa. . Anda berasa PENING sebab tak siap tugasan lagi sebab sibuk dengan kerja. Jangan risau boleh hubungi kami untuk bertanya. Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat ...

Bandingkan peranan dan keberkesanan G7 dengan BRICS dalam mempromosikan kerjasama antarabangsa (international cooperation) dan memelihara ketertiban antarabangsa (international order). (CO4, PO3) . 1.0        Pengenalan Merujuk kepada kerjasma n egara-negara BRICS yang meliputi lebih 40 peratus daripada populasi dunia disifatkan sebagai sentiasa menyalurkan bantuan kepada negara-negara membangun lain untuk mengatasi kesulitan. Menurut pakar politik dan hubungan antarabangsa di Universiti Abuja Nigeria, Profesor Dr. Sheriff Ghali Ibrahim, kesungguhan tersebut adalah sumbangan besar dalam membantu meningkatkan pengaruh antarabangsa dan hak kebebasan bersuara negara-negara membangun. Anda berasa PENING sebab tak siap tugasan lagi sebab sibuk dengan kerja. Jangan risau boleh hubungi kami untuk bertanya. Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester. Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sam...

1. Teori-teori hubungan antarabangsa mengenai sistem antarabangsa telah didominasikan oleh dua aliran pemikiran utama, iaitu teori kestabilan hegemonik (hegemonic stability theory) dan teori keseimbangan kuasa (balance of power theory). Bandingkan keberkesanan kedua-dua teori tersebut dalam menjelaskan fenomena hubungan antarabangsa kontemporari. (CO4, PO3) 2. Kerjasama serantau merupakan satu pendekatan politik antarabangsa yang membolehkan negara-negara dalam rantau tertentu untuk merealisasikan bersama kestabilan politik dan pembangunan ekonomi serantau. Bandingkan Kesatuan Eropah (EU) dengan Persatuan Negara-Negara Asia Tenggara (ASEAN) dalam konteks kerjasama serantau. (CO4, PO3) 3. Buka dan baca dengan teliti artikel “How to Solve the South China Sea Disputes” oleh Bill Hayton yang dilampirkan di bawah: Sejauh manakah jalan-jalan penyelesaian untuk isu tuntutan bertindih di Laut China Selatan yang dicadangkan dalam artikel ini adalah praktikal dan...

1. Realisme vs. Liberalisme: Idea manakah yang mendominasikan situasi sebenar politik dan hubungan antarabangsa kontemporari?  2. Bincangkan “Brexit” serta kesan-kesannya terhadap hubungan antarabangsa dan kerjasama serantau.  3. Bincangkan faktor “senjata nuklear” dalam konteks hubungan antarabangsa. Adakah “penyebaran nuklear” (nuclear proliferation) membawa keamanan atau ancaman kepada dunia antarabangsa?  4. Bincangkan implikasi-implikasi dasar “America First” oleh Presiden Donald Trump dan “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) oleh Presiden Xi Jinping terhadap dasar luar Malaysia di bawah Perdana Menteri Najib Razak dan Dr. Mahathir Mohamad.  Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester. Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester. Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening sebab dah takdea idea, sibuk menguruskan kerja sehingga tidak ada masa untuk membuat tugasan. ...

1. Pernyataan manakah paling tepat menggambarkan situasi hubungan antarabangsa pada masa kini: kestabilan hegemonic atau keseimbangan kuasa? Bincangkan. 2. Bincangkan faktor “senjata nuclear” dalam konteks hubungan antarabangsa. Adakah “penyebaran nuclear” (nuclear proliferation) membawa keamanan atau ancaman kepada dunia antarabangsa? 3. Bincangkan peranan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu (PBB), terutamanya Majlis Keselamatan PBB, dalam menangani konflik-konflik antarabangsa. Apakah jenis penstrukturan semula atau pembaruan perlu dilakukan ke atas Majlis Keselamatan PBB untuk membolehkannya memainkan peranannya dengan lebih berkesan? 4. Mengapakah peperangan berlaku? Bincangkan dan bandingkan daripada perspektif Realisme dan Liberealisme.      Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester. Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester.   Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening s...

1. Pernyataan manakah paling tepat menggambarkan situasi hubungan antarabangsa pada masa kini: kestabilan hegemonik atau keseimbangan kuasa? Bincangkan. 2. Bincangkan faktor “senjata nuklear” dalam konteks hubungan antarabangsa. Adakah “penyebaran nuklear” (nuclear proliferation) membawa keamanan atau ancaman kepada dunia antarabangsa? 3. Bincangkan peranan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (PBB), terutamanya Majlis Keselamatan PBB, dalam menangani konflik-konflik antarabangsa. Apakah jenis penstrukturan semula atau pembaruan perlu dilakukan ke atas Majlis Keselamatan PBB untuk membolehkannya memainkan peranannya dengan lebih berkesan? 4. Mengapakah peperangan berlaku? Bincangkan dan bandingkan daripada perspektif Realisme dan Liberalisme. Tugasan ini sebenarnya kami pernah buat sebelum ini cuma mungkin soalannya diubah-ubah setiap semester. Namun kehendak soalan sebenarnya adalah hampir sama setiap semester. Sekiranya anda semua berasa pening sebab dah takdea ide...

9.Conclusion This essay has demonstrated that traumatic events can be instrumental to the construction or consolidation of wider political identity and community. In arguing this I have offered a contrast to prevailing views, which tend to conceptualise trauma as a solitary, lonely encounter; a dive into unknown depths that reveals fragility and fear. In these studies, trauma is shown to sever victims and witnesses from their ordinary moorings and set them adrift. Trauma breaks narratives rather than recreates them. However, this prevailing approach opens important questions for socially and politically orientated studies of trauma: if traumatic events only ever exist in a gap or absence of understanding, how is it possible to examine, let alone comprehend, trauma’s political signifi cance? If trauma can never be wholly understood or reconciled from the outside, by bystanders, how it is that extreme events can powerfully cohere and fragment the landscapes of local and g...

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 8.Visual representations of trauma: the role of images in the media Images of the bombing and subsequent acts of mourning reinforced the emotional undertones of the trauma’s linguistic representation. Initial images portrayed the devastation and carnage that the bombs had wreaked. Consider the front page of The Australian on the fi rst day of full media coverage that followed.58 The newspaper devoted half the page to a photograph of survivors as they staggered from the burning shell of the buildings (Figure 1). The photograph captures two Australian survivors, injured and helping one another. They are alone: no other victims or rescue workers are in sight. They struggle forward as if escaping the depths of a truly traumatic situation. Around them the building burns in a tangled mess. What is normally kept inside – the hardware of wires and plumbing – lie...

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 7. Textual interpretations of trauma: the role of editorial comments in the media One editorial in particular illustrates the combined emotional and collectivising potential of patterns of speech. Published in The Australian, one week after the bombing, was an (anonymous) editorial titled ‘Australians United Share the Sorrow of Bali’.45 The editorial is an evocative yet also surprisingly prescriptive meditation on the tragedy of the bombing and how the broader Australian public should (and ultimately did) respond. The editorial sums up much of what was said, by survivors, journalists and politicians alike: It used to be said that no town in Australia lacked its war memorial to young men who had given their lives for the defence of our freedom. Today, as many homes and schools and sports clubs echo to the sobbing of distraught families, friends and lovers of ...

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 6. Collectivising trauma through negotiating emotion: on the representation of the Bali bombing To render my refl ections on trauma and political community more concrete I now turn to a specifi c example: the Sari bar bombing in Bali. I am not trying to provide a comprehensive account of the event and its political implications. Neither am I making absolutist claims about the kinds of emotions the bombing solicited. Doing so would be impossible in the context of a brief essay. My aim, rather, is to illustrate how representational practices can help to forge emotional, and thus social, linkages between trauma and a wider community that bears witness. I focus in particular on the effect of media representations, paying attention to how editorials and images published in Australia’s sole national newspaper, The Australian, draw a very particular and concrete link between...

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 5. Representing trauma and the power of emotions Whether one can comprehend, or feel for, or even as some suggest identify with another’s trauma has therefore much to do with the way it is presented. Rather than an arbitrary or even impartial system of depicting trauma’s ‘truth’, representations of trauma both communicate and are fi ltered through the particular cultural, aesthetic and affective sensibilities of those who view or listen to them. Trauma gets its shape, its more public meaning, from the way it is represented and the messages such representations are perceived to convey. Emotions are central to the process of representing trauma. Indeed, understanding that emotions are bound up in how trauma is represented and portrayed is necessary in order to provide meaningful insight into how individual experiences of trauma can help to inscribe community bou...

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 4.The problem of representing trauma Key to how individual trauma becomes a collective phenomenon is representation. Representational practices provide for the expression of trauma, and in so doing shift it from the realm of the individual to that of a collective or community. At fi rst glance, however, the centrality of representation sits uneasily with the communicative crisis that trauma scholars identify. Elaine Scarry’s pioneering research on pain helps to better appreciate this tension. For Scarry, pain is, in an important and seemingly contradictory sense, ‘inexpressible’.17 A certain speechlessness is said to accompany pain, signalling that perhaps both its somatic and emotional nature is not only incomprehensible but also unable to be truly shared through language. Scarry’s refl ections on pain mirror the thoughts of many scholars of trauma. They tend t...

Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing 3.The paradox of trauma: the breaking and remaking of community The notion of trauma is one of the most complex yet compelling psychological and political issues today. Indeed, the term ‘trauma’ is now used to describe a range of phenomena in politics and international relations: from civilian experiences of war and the psychological conditions of returned servicemen and women, to the effect of witnessing distant suffering through the media. Despite this wide usage, consensus regarding trauma – how to distinguish it, determine how it is physically and emotionally experienced, ascertain its psychological impact, and also how to best help victims through recovery – remains slim, even though debates waged in a range of scholarly literatures. One agreement, however, is that events known as ‘traumatic’ are pivotal, impacting upon victims in a deeply personal and often...